Peripheral nerve remodeling and sensitization are involved in cancer-related bone pain. As a member of the transforming growth factor-ß class, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is recognized to have a role in the development of the neurological and skeletal systems. Our previous work showed that BMP2 is critical for bone cancer pain (BCP) sensitization. However, the mechanism remains unknown. In the current study, we demonstrated a substantial increase in BMP2 expression in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a rat model of BCP. Knockdown of BMP2 expression ameliorated BCP in rats. Furthermore, the DRG neurons of rats with BCP expressed higher levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and BCP was successfully suppressed by intrathecal injection of a CGRP receptor blocker (CGRP8-37). Downregulation of BMP2 expression reduced the expression of CGRP in the DRG of rats with BCP and relieved pain behavior. Moreover, we revealed that upregulation of CGRP expression in the DRG may be induced by activation of the BMPR/Smad1 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that BMP2 contributes to BCP by upregulating CGRP in DRG neurons via activating BMPR/Smad1 signaling pathway and that therapeutic targeting of the BMP2-Smad1-CGRP pathway may ameliorate BCP in the context of advanced cancer.
Establishing low-resistance ohmic contact is critical for developing electronic devices based on traditional silicon and new low-dimensional materials. Due to unprecedented electronic and mechanical properties, the one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as source/drain, gate, or tunnel to fabricate transistors. However, the mechanism causing low-resistance ohmic contact is not clear yet. Here, the hybrid atomic force microscopy-scanning electron microscopy (AFM-SEM) instrument was developed to establish lower-resistance ohmic contact between a radial compressed deformed multiwalled CNT bundle and high work function metal (platinum and gold). The radial compression structure under strong van der Waals attraction was in situ characterized through the SEM image to obtain the diameter and width and through AFM to get height and to perform nanoindentation, indicating that Pt has the smaller radial compression deformation. Molecular dynamics simulations exhibit that compared to Pt, a wider ribbon-like graphene layer formed when the radial compressed CNTs contacted with Au. The bond forming and electron orbital overlapping between C atoms of deformed CNTs and the high work function metal atom is beneficial for good electrical contact.
BACKGROUND: Bone cancer pain (BCP) is a common primary or metastatic bone cancer complication. Netrin-1 plays an essential role in neurite elongation and pain sensitization. This study aimed to determine the role of netrin-1 from the metastatic bone microenvironment in BCP development and identify the associated signaling pathway for the strategy of BCP management. METHODS: The rat BCP model was established by intratibial implantation of Walker 256 cells. Von Frey filaments measured the mechanical pain threshold. Movement-induced pain was assessed using limb use scores. Expressions of associated molecules in the affected tibias or dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were measured by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, or western blotting. Transduction of deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) signaling was inhibited by intrathecal injection of DCC-siRNA. RESULTS: In BCP rats, the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive nerve fibers increased in the metastatic bone lesions. The metastatic site showed enrichment of well-differentiated osteoclasts and expressions of netrin-1 and its attractive receptor DCC. Upregulation of DCC and increased phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Rac family small GTPase 1/Cell division cycle 42 (Rac1/Cdc42) were found in the DRG. Intrathecal administration of DCC-siRNA led to a significant reduction in FAK and Rac1/Cdc42 phosphorylation levels in the DRG, decreased nociceptive nerve innervation, and improved pain behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Netrin-1 may contribute to the activation of the BCP by inducing nociceptive nerve innervation and improving pain behaviors.
Bone Neoplasms , Cancer Pain , Netrin-1 , Animals , Rats , Bone Neoplasms/complications , Cancer Pain/etiology , DCC Receptor/metabolism , Nerve Growth Factors/genetics , Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism , Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology , Netrin-1/genetics , Nociceptors/metabolism , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , RNA, Small Interfering , Signal Transduction , Tumor Microenvironment , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
Photoacoustic imaging is a powerful technique for obtaining high-resolution images of vascular distribution and physiological information about blood by utilizing the light absorption coefficient as an imaging contrast. However, visualizing weakly light-absorbing components without specific contrast agents or multi-wavelength techniques presents a challenge due to significant differences in light absorption between these components and blood. In this study, we propose a novel method that leverages the thermal effect of ultrasound to induce temperature differences and enhance the contrast of photoacoustic imaging. We conducted phantom experiments to verify the feasibility of our method. Our method effectively highlighted weakly light-absorbing components with strong acoustic absorption, even in the presence of highly light-absorbing components such as blood or melanin. Furthermore, it enabled the differentiation of components with similar light absorption but different acoustic absorption.
Acoustics , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Ultrasonography , Phantoms, Imaging , Melanins
Atomic-level understanding of the dynamic feature of host-guest interactions remains a central challenge in supramolecular chemistry. The remarkable guest binding behavior of the Cucurbiturils family of supramolecular containers makes them promising drug carriers. Among Cucurbit[n]urils, Cucurbit[8]uril (CB8) has an intermediate portal size and cavity volume. It can exploit almost all host-guest recognition motifs formed by this host family. In our previous work, an extensive computational investigation of the binding of seven commonly abused and structurally diverse drugs to the CB8 host was performed, and a general dynamic binding picture of CB8-guest interactions was obtained. Further, two widely used fixed-charge models for drug-like molecules were investigated and compared in great detail, aiming at providing guidelines in choosing an appropriate charge scheme in host-guest modelling. Iterative refitting of atomic charges leads to improved binding thermodynamics and the best root-mean-squared deviation from the experimental reference is 2.6 kcal/mol. In this work, we focus on a thorough evaluation of the remaining parts of classical force fields, i.e., the bonded interactions. The widely used general Amber force fields are assessed and refitted with generalized force-matching to improve the intra-molecular conformational preference, and thus the description of inter-molecular host-guest interactions. The interaction pattern and binding thermodynamics show a significant dependence on the modelling parameters. The refitted system-specific parameter set improves the consistency of the modelling results and the experimental reference significantly. Finally, combining the previous charge-scheme comparison and the current force-field refitting, we provide general guidelines for the theoretical modelling of host-guest binding.
Carbon-supported nanoparticles are indispensable to enabling new energy technologies such as metal-air batteries and catalytic water splitting. However, achieving ultrasmall and high-density nanoparticles (optimal catalysts) faces fundamental challenges of their strong tendency toward coarsening and agglomeration. Herein, we report a general and efficient synthesis of high-density and ultrasmall nanoparticles uniformly dispersed on two-dimensional porous carbon. This is achieved through direct carbothermal shock pyrolysis of metal-ligand precursors in just ~100 ms, the fastest among reported syntheses. Our results show that the in situ metal-ligand coordination (e.g., N â Co2+) and local ordering during millisecond-scale pyrolysis play a crucial role in kinetically dominated fabrication and stabilization of high-density nanoparticles on two-dimensional porous carbon films. The as-obtained samples exhibit excellent activity and stability as bifunctional catalysts in oxygen redox reactions. Considering the huge flexibility in coordinated precursors design, diversified single and multielement nanoparticles (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ag, etc) were generally fabricated, even in systems well beyond traditional crystalline coordination chemistry. Our method allows for the transient and general synthesis of well-dispersed nanoparticles with great simplicity and versatility for various application schemes.
Background: Malposition of the double-lumen tubes (DLTs) may lead to hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation (OLV). Video double-lumen tubes (VDLTs) enable continuous observation of DLT position and avoid displacement. We aimed to investigate whether VDLTs could reduce the incidence of hypoxemia during OLV compared with conventional double-lumen tubes (cDLT) in thoracoscopic lung resection surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Adult patients who underwent elective thoracoscopic lung resection surgery and required VDLTs or cDLTs for OLV at Shanghai Chest Hospital from January 2019 to May 2021 were included. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypoxemia during OLV between VDLT and cDLT. Secondary outcomes included bronchoscopy use, the degree of PaO2 decline, and arterial blood gas indices. Results: A total of 1,780 patients were finally analyzed in propensity score-matched cohorts (VDLT vs. cDLT 1:1 n = 890). The incidence of hypoxemia decreased from 6.5% (58/890) in cDLT group to 3.6% (32/890) in VDLT group (Relative Risk [RR]: 1.812, 95% CI: 1.19-2.76, p = 0.005). The use of bronchoscopy was reduced by 90% in VDLT group (VDLT 10.0% (89/890) vs. cDLT 100% (890/890), p < 0.001). PaO2 after OLV was 221 [136.0-325.0] mmHg in cDLT group compared to 234 [159.7-336.2] mmHg in VDLT group, p = 0.003. The percentage of PaO2 decline was 41.4 [15.4-61.9] % in cDLT group, while it was 37.7 [8.7-55.9] % in the VDLT group, p < 0.001. In patients who suffered from hypoxemia, there were no significant differences in arterial blood gas indices or the percentage of PaO2 decline. Conclusion: VDLTs reduce the incidence of hypoxemia and the use of bronchoscopy during OLV compared with cDLTs. VDLT may be a feasible option for thoracoscopic surgery.
BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation in the peripheral nervous system has been linked to cancer metastasis-induced bone pain. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING), an innate immune sensor for cytosolic DNA, plays an important role in inflammation and cancer metastasis and is reported to be a critical regulator of nociception. Here, we examined the role of STING in primary nociceptive neurons and chronic pain to determine if it could be a new target for treating bone cancer pain (BCP). METHODS: Walker 256 cancer cells were injected intratibially to induce bone cancer pain in rats. STING and its downstream inflammatory factors in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were detected using western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Transmission electron microscopy and the BCL2-associated X (Bax) expression were used to detect the mitochondrial stress in DRG neurons. C-176, a specific inhibitor of STING, was used to block STING activation and to test the pain behavior. RESULTS: Mechanical hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain were observed in BCP rats, accompanied by the upregulation of the STING expression in the ipsilateral L4-5 DRG neurons which showed significant mitochondrion stress. The STING/TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation was observed in the DRGs of BCP rats as well as increased IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α expression. C-176 alleviated bone cancer pain and reduced the STING and its downstream inflammatory pathway. CONCLUSION: We provide evidence that STING pathway activation leads to neuroinflammation and peripheral sensitization. Pharmacological blockade of STING may be a promising novel strategy for preventing BCP.
Bone Neoplasms , Cancer Pain , Rats , Animals , Cancer Pain/etiology , Cancer Pain/metabolism , Neuroinflammatory Diseases , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Pain/etiology , Pain/metabolism , Bone Neoplasms/metabolism , Bone Neoplasms/secondary , Hyperalgesia/etiology , Hyperalgesia/metabolism , Ganglia, Spinal
Bone cancer pain (BCP) is one of the most common types of pain in cancer patients which compromises the patient's functional status, quality of life, and survival. Central hyperalgesia has increasingly been identified as a crucial factor of BCP, especially in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) which is the main cortical area involved in the process of pain and consequent negative emotion. To explore the genetic changes in the mPFC during BCP occurrence and find possible targets for prediction, we performed transcriptome sequencing of mPFC in the BCP rat model and found a total of 147 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs). A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network revealed that the DEmRNAs mainly participate in the inflammatory response. Meanwhile, microglia and astrocytes were activated in the mPFC of BCP rats, further confirming the presence of neuroinflammation. In addition, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that DEmRNAs in the mPFC are mainly involved in antigen processing, presentation of peptide antigen, and immune response, occurring in the MHC protein complex. Besides, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that DEmRNAs are mainly enriched in the pathways of phagosome, staphylococcus aureus infection, and antigen processing, in which MHCII participate. Furthermore, immunostaining showed that MHCII is mainly located in the microglia. Microglia are believed to be involved in antigen processing, a key cause of BCP. In vivo, minocycline (MC) treatment inhibits the activation of microglia and reduces the expression of MHCII and proinflammatory cytokines, thereby alleviating BCP and pain-related anxiety. Taken together, our study identified differentially expressed genes in the BCP process and demonstrated that the activation of microglia participates in the inflammatory response and antigen process, which may contribute to BCP.
End-point free energy calculations as a powerful tool have been widely applied in protein-ligand and protein-protein interactions. It is often recognized that these end-point techniques serve as an option of intermediate accuracy and computational cost compared with more rigorous statistical mechanic models (e.g., alchemical transformation) and coarser molecular docking. However, it is observed that this intermediate level of accuracy does not hold in relatively simple and prototypical host-guest systems. Specifically, in our previous work investigating a set of carboxylated-pillar[6]arene host-guest complexes, end-point methods provide free energy estimates deviating significantly from the experimental reference, and the rank of binding affinities is also incorrectly computed. These observations suggest the unsuitability and inapplicability of standard end-point free energy techniques in host-guest systems, and alteration and development are required to make them practically usable. In this work, we consider two ways to improve the performance of end-point techniques. The first one is the PBSA_E regression that varies the weights of different free energy terms in the end-point calculation procedure, while the second one is considering the interior dielectric constant as an additional variable in the end-point equation. By detailed investigation of the calculation procedure and the simulation outcome, we prove that these two treatments (i.e., regression and dielectric constant) are manipulating the end-point equation in a somehow similar way, i.e., weakening the electrostatic contribution and strengthening the non-polar terms, although there are still many detailed differences between these two methods. With the trained end-point scheme, the RMSE of the computed affinities is improved from the standard ~ 12 kcal/mol to ~ 2.4 kcal/mol, which is comparable to another altered end-point method (ELIE) trained with system-specific data. By tuning PBSA_E weighting factors with the host-specific data, it is possible to further decrease the prediction error to ~ 2.1 kcal/mol. These observations along with the extremely efficient optimized-structure computation procedure suggest the regression (i.e., PBSA_E as well as its GBSA_E extension) as a practically applicable solution that brings end-point methods back into the library of usable tools for host-guest binding. However, the dielectric-constant-variable scheme cannot effectively minimize the experiment-calculation discrepancy for absolute binding affinities, but is able to improve the calculation of affinity ranks. This phenomenon is somehow different from the protein-ligand case and suggests the difference between host-guest and biomacromolecular (protein-ligand and protein-protein) systems. Therefore, the spectrum of tools usable for protein-ligand complexes could be unsuitable for host-guest binding, and numerical validations are necessary to screen out really workable solutions in these 'prototypical' situations.
Carboxylic Acids , Proteins , Entropy , Ligands , Molecular Docking Simulation , Proteins/chemistry
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is the main cortical area for processing both sensory and affective aspects of pain. Recently, mPFC was reported to participate in cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) via the mechanism of central inflammation. STING is a key component of neuroinflammation in the central neuron system by activating downstream TBK1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. We aimed to investigate whether STING regulated neuroinflammation in the mPFC in rat models of CIBP. It is worth noting that we found a significant upregulation of STING in the mPFC after CIBP, accompanied by activation of TBK1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. In addition, pain and anxiety-like behaviors were alleviated by intraperitoneal injection of the STING inhibitor C-176. Furthermore, in microglia GMI-R1 cells, C-176 reversed LPS-induced M1 polarization. Collectively, this evidence indicated that STING may contribute to cancer-induced bone pain by activating TBK1 and NF-κB, and by promoting M1 polarization of microglia in the mPFC.
Background: The incidence, severity and associated risk factors of acute pain after preoperative needle localization of pulmonary nodules are poorly characterized. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study to quantify the acute pain induced by preoperative needle localization of small pulmonary nodules before video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Methods: We conducted this study at Shanghai Chest Hospital from September 2021 through December 2021. Eligible patients were between 18 and 75 years old and had small pulmonary nodules requiring preoperative CT-guided needle localization. The intensity of acute pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) after preoperative needle localization. A VAS score ≥4 cm indicated moderate to severe pain. Patient demographics and CT-guided localization factors were collected to identify significant predictors associated with moderate to severe pain. Results: A total of 300 patients were included in the final analysis, with a mean (SD) age of 51 (SD =12) years old; 63% were female. Moderate to severe pain occurred in 50.8% of patients during deep breathing and 45.7% of patients during movement. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that multiple localization needles [multiple needle localizations vs. single needle localization, odds ratio (OR): 2.363, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.157-4.825, P=0.018] and the specific location of needle puncture on the chest wall were significant predictors of moderate to severe pain after CT-guided needle localization (lateral chest wall vs. anterior chest wall OR: 2.235, 95% CI: 1.106-4.518, P=0.025; posterior chest wall vs. anterior chest wall OR: 1.198, 95% CI: 0.611-2.349, P=0.599). Conclusions: In adult patients receiving hookwire CT-guided localization, moderate to severe pain was common. Avoiding the localization route through lateral chest wall may be helpful and pharmacological medications or regional blockade is necessitated in high-risk population.
With the increasingly discharging and inappropriately disposing of antibiotics from human disease treatment and breeding industry, extensive development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria raised serious public health concern. In this work, algal biochar was coated onto the stainless steel mesh, and was employed as cathodic electrode for the degradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in an electro-Fenton (EF) system. It was found that algal biochar pyrolyzed at 600 °C with 1:1 KOH achieved best catalytic performance to generate H2O2 via oxygen reduction. Moreover, removal efficiency of SDZ reached 96.11% in 4 h with an initial concentration of 25 µg/mL, under the optimized condition as: initial pH at 3, 50 mM of Na2SO4 as electrolyte and an applied current of 20 mA/cm2. In addition, it was found that the SDZ removal kept at about 96.99% even after four repeated degradation process. Moreover, four possible SDZ degradative pathways during the EF process were proposed according to determined intermediates, model optimization and density functional theory calculation. Finally, acute and chronic biotoxicity of the degradative products against fish and green algae was evaluated, to further elaborate the environmental impact of SDZ after electrochemical degradation.
Sulfadiazine , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Charcoal , Electrodes , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide , Oxidation-Reduction , Stainless Steel , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
We show that a novel, general phase space mapping Hamiltonian for nonadiabatic systems, which is reminiscent of the renowned Meyer-Miller mapping Hamiltonian, involves a commutator variable matrix rather than the conventional zero-point-energy parameter. In the exact mapping formulation on constraint space for phase space approaches for nonadiabatic dynamics, the general mapping Hamiltonian with commutator variables can be employed to generate approximate trajectory-based dynamics. Various benchmark model tests, which range from gas phase to condensed phase systems, suggest that the overall performance of the general mapping Hamiltonian is better than that of the conventional Meyer-Miller Hamiltonian.
The celebrated Meyer-Miller mapping model has been a useful approach for generating practical trajectory-based nonadiabatic dynamics methods. It is generally assumed that the zero-point-energy (ZPE) parameter is positive. The constraint implied in the conventional Meyer-Miller mapping Hamiltonian for an F-electronic-state system actually requires γ∈(-1/F, ∞) for the ZPE parameter for each electronic degree of freedom. Both negative and positive values are possible for such a parameter. We first establish a rigorous formulation to construct exact mapping models in the Cartesian phase space when the constraint is applied. When nuclear dynamics is approximated by the linearized semiclassical initial value representation, a negative ZPE parameter could lead to reasonably good performance in describing dynamic behaviors in typical spin-boson models for condensed-phase two-state systems, even at challenging zero temperature.
OBJECTIVES: To observe the changes in the concentrations of circulating peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells (PBMSCs) in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and explore the pattern of changes in PBMSCs during the process of distraction osteogenesis. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into the osteotomy with lengthening group (lengthening group), the osteotomy without lengthening group (osteotomy group), and the blank control group (control group). Each group included 24 rats. Percutaneous pinning with external fixation of the left femur was carried out in lengthening group and osteotomy group, but control group received no surgical treatment. On day 5 after operation, continuous traction was carried out at a rate of 0.25 mm/d in lengthening group, while no traction was carried out in osteotomy group. Peripheral blood was collected from all rats on days 1, 3, 7, and 16 after the start of traction. PBMSCs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. CD105, CD34, and CD45 were selected as cell surface markers. The concentration of PBMSCs was detected by flow cytometry and compared between groups at different time points. X-ray films were taken during and after the operation to observe whether the osteotomy end was pulled and the growth and mineralization of the new bone in the osteogenic area of the femur. Color ultrasound was used to monitor the width of the distraction space, the formation of new bone, and the blood supply of soft tissue around the distraction. RESULTS: All rats were able to tolerate the operation well, and the external fixation was firm and reliable. X-ray showed that, in lengthening group, the distraction space of femur gradually widened and new bone gradually formed in the distraction space; after 8 weeks, the samples were taken out, which showed that the new bone tissue in the lengthened area healed well. In osteotomy group, the average healing time of osteotomy was (7.12 ± 0.78) weeks. Ultrasonic examination showed that after the end of traction, the high echo callus shadow was seen in the traction space, and the blood flow signal was obviously rich at an earlier stage. In lengthening group and osteotomy group, the average concentrations of PBMSCs (3.02% ± 0.87% vs 2.95% ± 0.74%, respectively) were significantly increased in the early stage after osteotomy, and the average concentrations of PBMSCs on days 3, 7, and 16 after the start of traction were 5.34% ± 1.13% vs 3.28% ± 1.22%; 6.41% ± 1.05% vs 3.16% ± 0.92%; and 5.94% ± 1.23% vs 1.48% ± 0.52%, respectively. The concentration of PBMSCs in peripheral blood of lengthening group and osteotomy group was the same at osteotomy stage, and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). After that, compared with lengthening group, the concentration of PBMSCs in osteotomy group gradually decreased and maintained at a certain level; the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Distraction osteogenesis of femur can significantly increase PBMSCs in SD rats and participate in the process of bone formation.
External Fixators , Femur/surgery , Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism , Osteogenesis, Distraction/methods , Osteotomy/methods , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays are widely used in biomaterials due to their unique tubular structure and tunable biocompatibility. In the present study, titanium oxide nanotube arrays with different diameters were prepared on the titanium surface by anodization, followed by zinc doping using hydrothermal treatment to enhance the biocompatibility. Both the nanotube dimensions and zinc doping had obvious influences on the hydrophilicity, protein adsorption, blood compatibility, and endothelial cell behaviors of the titanium surface. The increase of the diameter and zinc doping can improve the hydrophilicity of the titanium surface. The increase of nanotube diameter could reduce the albumin adsorption while increasing the fibrinogen adsorption. However, zinc doping can simultaneously promote the adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen, and the effect was more obvious for albumin. Zinc doping can significantly improve the blood compatibility of the titanium oxide nanotubes because it cannot only increase the activity of cyclophosphate guanylate (cGMP) but also significantly reduce the platelets adhesion and hemolysis rate. Moreover, it was also found that both the smaller diameter and zinc doping nanotubes can enhance the endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation as well as up-regulate the expression of NO and VEGF. Therefore, the zinc doped titanium dioxide nanotube array can be used to simultaneously improve the blood compatibility and promote endothelialization of the titanium-based biomaterials and implants, such as intravascular stents.
Nanotubes , Titanium , Biocompatible Materials , Zinc
Morel-Lavallée lesions (MLLs) are shearing injuries resulting in separation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the underlying fascia. They are closed internal degloving injuries. Classical sites of the lesions are around the greater trochanter, pelvis, thigh, knee joint, and on the head, in decreasing order of frequency. This injury is often delayed or misdiagnosed when patients present with soft tissue injury alone or when more obvious injuries distract from its presence in polytrauma patients. There is currently no universally accepted treatment for these lesions. Conservative management often fails and requires surgical intervention. The purpose of this manuscript is to show that nose ring drainage, a minimally invasive incision and loop drainage technique for the treatment of lower limb Morel-Lavallée lesions, is effective and economical.
Debridement/methods , Degloving Injuries/therapy , Drainage/methods , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods , Soft Tissue Injuries/therapy , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/therapy , Accidents, Traffic , Adolescent , Adult , Degloving Injuries/complications , Degloving Injuries/pathology , Female , Humans , Lower Extremity/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Trauma , Soft Tissue Injuries/complications , Soft Tissue Injuries/pathology , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/pathology , Young Adult
The linear absorption spectrum of a multisite system can be written as a weighted accumulation of elements of an absorption matrix. In the framework of the quantum-classical Liouville equation (QCLE), a mean-field approximation is introduced to simplify the calculation of the absorption matrix. The classical bath oscillators are propagated under partially shifted potentials, which reflects an averaged behavior after considering quantum jumps of the system states. For a specified initial condition, the time-dependent shifting possibility of each bath potential is given by the time evolution of site population estimated by the Redfield equation or the noninteracting blip approximation. The two hybrid QCLE approaches are tested in various models, including biased and unbiased two-site models, a subnetwork and the whole monomer of Fenna-Matthews-Olson, and harmonic and anharmonic baths. With numerically excellent results, the numerical studies show reliability and flexibility of the hybrid QCLE in calculating the absorption matrix and spectrum.
